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login file when you log in and start a new session The login file is located a user s home directory; for example, /home/oracle for the Oracle user on most UNIX systems Here s a list of the various scripts executed under each of the main UNIX and Linux shells, to set the shell s environment: Bourne shell (sh): Only the profile file is executed when a user logs in The profile file is located in the user s home directory C shell (cshrc): The shell executes the login file after it first executes the cshrc file When you create a new shell after logging in, the cshrc script is executed, but not the login file Korn shell (ksh): The profile file in your home directory is executed BASH shell (bash): The bash_profile is executed at login time, and the bashrc file is executed when you start a new shell.

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30 * * * * /usr/local/bin/some_script > dev/null 2>&1

To change an environment variable permanently, you can edit the profile or login file and insert the necessary values for a variable For example, for the login file you would add a line like this: setenv VARIABLENAME value_of_variable For the profile file, you could add lines like the following: VARIABLE=value_of_variable EXPORT VARIABLE The changes will come into effect the next time you log in or invoke an instance of the C shell You can change your environment immediately in the Bourne and Korn shells in order to effect immediate environmental changes, by using the following command: $ profile.

// ManagedWrapper4cpp .. definition of XYZHandle shown earlier .. ....

The DUMPFILE parameter provides the name (or list) of the dump file(s) to which the export dump should be written. The DUMPFILE parameter replaces the FILE parameter in the old export utility. You can provide multiple dump filenames in several ways: Create multiple dump files by specifying the %U substitution variable. The substitution variable will start at 01 and can go up to 99. For example, a specification like exp%U.dmp can be expanded into filenames such as exp01.dmp, exp02.dmp, exp03.dmp, and so on. Provide multiple files in a comma-separated list. Specify the DUMPFILE parameter multiple times for a single export job.

If you specify the %U notation to indicate multiple dump files, the number of files you can create is equal to the value of the PARALLEL parameter.

If you don t specify the DUMPFILE parameter, Oracle will use the default name expdat.dmp for the export dump file, just as it did with the traditional export utility.

This entry, which uses a very common pattern, not only redirects normal output (stdout) to /dev/null, but also redirects all errors (stderr) to the same target. This can become a problem. I have seen jobs scheduled like this that have run for years without ever doing anything. They may have environment issues, as described in the previous section. They may have worked at the time of implementation, but at some point a change somewhere else in the system caused the cron script to break. In either case, the output that would have warned the user about emerging problems was dropped in the bit bucket. An issue like this will be an annoyance in that the job simply doesn t run. A more worst-case scenario is that a routine system-maintenance job doesn t run properly and eventually allows bigger problems to crop up. I have seen these types of problems cause downtime on production systems, and for these reasons I would not recommend using this type of output redirection in a cron entry.

The FILESIZE parameter is purely optional, and it specifies the size of the dump file in bytes by default. You may use bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, and gigabytes to specify the FILESIZE parameter. If you don t specify this parameter, the dump file has no limits on its size. If you use the FILESIZE parameter by specifying, say 10MB, as the maximum dump file size, your export will stop if your dump file reaches its size limit, and you can restart it after correcting the problem.

The PARFILE parameter stands for the same thing it did in traditional export utility: the parameter file. As explained earlier in this chapter, you can specify export parameters in a parameter file, instead of entering them directly from the command line.

You can use the LOGFILE parameter to specify a log file for your export jobs. Here s what you need to remember regarding this parameter: If you just specify the LOGFILE parameter without the DIRECTORY parameter, Oracle automatically creates the log file in the location you specified for the DIRECTORY parameter. If you don t specify this parameter, Oracle creates a log file named export.log. If you specify the parameter NOLOGFILE, Oracle does not create its log file (export.log). You still see the progress of the export job on the screen, but Oracle suppresses the writing of a separate log file for the job.